{"id":943,"date":"2018-02-08T21:03:09","date_gmt":"2018-02-08T19:03:09","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/yalpertem.com\/blog\/?p=943"},"modified":"2018-02-08T21:03:09","modified_gmt":"2018-02-08T19:03:09","slug":"sebald-casement-somuru-ile-mucadele","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/yalpertem.com\/blog\/2018\/02\/08\/sebald-casement-somuru-ile-mucadele\/","title":{"rendered":"Sebald, Casement ve S\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fc ile M\u00fccadele"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"\"“Kongo’nun ticarete a\u00e7\u0131lmas\u0131 \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde yerli halka uygulanan zorbal\u0131klar\u0131n tarz\u0131 ve boyutlar\u0131yla ilgili haberler kamuoyuna ilk kez 1903 y\u0131l\u0131nda, o s\u0131ralarda Boma’daki \u0130ngiliz Konsoloslu\u011fu’na atanan Roger Casement taraf\u0131ndan duyuruldu. D\u0131\u015fi\u015fleri Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 Sekreteri Lord Landsdowne’a sundu\u011fu raporda Casement, -Korzeniovski Londral\u0131 bir tan\u0131d\u0131\u011f\u0131na, kendisinin uzun zamand\u0131r unutmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u015feyleri Casement’\u0131n anlatabilece\u011fini s\u00f6ylemi\u015fti- siyahlar\u0131n ac\u0131mas\u0131zca s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fclmesi hakk\u0131nda kesin bilgiler veriyordu. S\u00f6m\u00fcrgedeki \u00e7e\u015fitli in\u015faatlarda hi\u00e7bir \u00fccret almadan, s\u0131rf bo\u011faz toklu\u011funa \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaya zorlan\u0131yorlard\u0131; \u00e7o\u011funlukla birbirlerine zincirlenmi\u015f oluyor ve ayn\u0131 tempoyla sabahtan ak\u015fama kadar, kelimenin tam anlam\u0131yla \u00f6lene dek \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131l\u0131yorlard\u0131. G\u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fc para h\u0131rs\u0131 b\u00fcr\u00fcmemi\u015f biri Kongo’nun yukar\u0131 havzas\u0131ndan ge\u00e7erse, diye yaz\u0131yordu Casement, b\u00fct\u00fcn bir halk\u0131n, \u0130sa’n\u0131n \u00e7ekti\u011fi \u00e7ileleri bile g\u00f6lgede b\u0131rakan eziyetler y\u00fcz\u00fcnden nas\u0131l y\u00fcrek par\u00e7alay\u0131c\u0131 bir bi\u00e7imde can \u00e7eki\u015fti\u011fini g\u00f6recektir. Her y\u0131l \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaya zorlanan y\u00fcz binlerce k\u00f6lenin, kendilerine g\u00f6zc\u00fcl\u00fck yapan beyazlar taraf\u0131ndan \u00f6l\u00fcme s\u00fcr\u00fcklendi\u011fine ve Kongo’da disiplini sa\u011flamak ad\u0131na her g\u00fcn insanlar\u0131n sakat b\u0131rak\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131na, elleri ve ayaklar\u0131n\u0131n baltayla kesildi\u011fine ve vurulduklar\u0131na dair hi\u00e7bir ku\u015fkuya yer b\u0131rakm\u0131yordu Casement. Kral L\u00e9opold, Casement’\u0131n ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan durumu yumu\u015fatmaya ve Casement’\u0131n k\u0131\u015fk\u0131rtmalar\u0131 y\u00fcz\u00fcnden Bel\u00e7ika’n\u0131n Kongo’yu s\u00f6m\u00fcrgele\u015ftirme giri\u015fiminin kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya kald\u0131\u011f\u0131 tehlikeleri de\u011ferlendirmeye faydas\u0131 olabilir d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesiyle, \u00f6zel bir g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fme yapmak \u00fczere onu Br\u00fcksel’e \u00e7a\u011f\u0131rd\u0131. Ben, diyordu\u00a0L\u00e9opold, siyahlar\u0131n yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u015fi, tamamen yasal bir vergi \u00f6deme yolu olarak g\u00f6r\u00fcyorum, siyahlar\u0131n g\u00f6zetiminden sorumlu beyazlar zaman zaman kayg\u0131 uyand\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 m\u00fcdahalelerde bulunuyor -ger\u00e7i bundan bile s\u00f6z etmek istemiyordu; bu \u00fcz\u00fcc\u00fc fakat de\u011fi\u015ftirilmesi m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olmayan ger\u00e7e\u011fin nedenleri, Kongo ikliminin baz\u0131 beyazlarda bir t\u00fcr bunakl\u0131\u011fa yol a\u00e7mas\u0131nda aranmal\u0131d\u0131r ki, maalesef zaman\u0131nda \u00f6nleyemedi\u011fimiz durumlar da olabiliyor. Casement \u00f6ne s\u00fcr\u00fclen bu nedenlerle ikna olmay\u0131nca,\u00a0L\u00e9opold Londra’daki ayr\u0131cal\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 kulland\u0131 ve oynanan diplomatik oyunlar sonucunda, Casement’\u0131n raporu bir yandan \u00f6rnek g\u00f6sterilip \u00f6v\u00fcld\u00fc, raporun yazar\u0131na da Saint Michael and Saint George Tarikat\u0131’n\u0131n Commander unvan\u0131 verildi; ama di\u011fer yandan Bel\u00e7ika’n\u0131n \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131na zarar verilebilecek hi\u00e7bir giri\u015fimde bulunulmad\u0131. Birka\u00e7 y\u0131l sonra Casement -herhalde s\u00fcrekli huzursuzluk yaratan bu insan\u0131 bir s\u00fcreli\u011fine uzakla\u015ft\u0131rmak gibi gizli bir niyetle- G\u00fcney Amerika’ya g\u00f6nderildi ve Peru, Kolombiya ve Brezilya’n\u0131n ormanl\u0131k b\u00f6lgelerinde de ko\u015fullar\u0131n pek \u00e7ok a\u00e7\u0131dan Kongo’ya benzedi\u011fini ke\u015ffetti. Tek fark, burada Bel\u00e7ikal\u0131 ticari \u015firketlerin de\u011fil, merkezi Londra’da olan Amazon Company’nin (Amazon \u015eirketi) faaliyette olmas\u0131yd\u0131. Ayn\u0131 d\u00f6nemde G\u00fcney Amerika’daki kabilelerin de k\u00f6k\u00fc kurutulmu\u015f ve b\u00fct\u00fcn b\u00f6lge yak\u0131l\u0131p k\u00fcl edilmi\u015fti. Casement’\u0131n raporu ve onun her t\u00fcrl\u00fc haktan mahrum olan bu insanlar\u0131 ko\u015fulsuzca savunmas\u0131 D\u0131\u015fi\u015fleri Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131’nda sayg\u0131 uyand\u0131rmas\u0131na uyand\u0131rd\u0131, ama bir yandan da bu hevesli Don Ki\u015fot’un yapt\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n onun asl\u0131nda gelecek vaat eden kariyeri a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan hi\u00e7 de iyi olmayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnen \u00fcst d\u00fczey yetkililer de kayg\u0131yla ba\u015flar\u0131n\u0131 sallad\u0131lar. Sonra Casement’a, d\u00fcnyadaki k\u00f6lele\u015ftirilmi\u015f halklar i\u00e7in yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 yararl\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131nda asiller s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131na girebilece\u011fi s\u00f6ylenerek bu sorun \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fclmek istendi. Ama Casement iktidar\u0131n taraf\u0131na ge\u00e7meye niyetli de\u011fildi; aksine do\u011fa ve bu iktidar\u0131n kayna\u011f\u0131 ve de bu iktidardan kaynaklanan emperyalist anlay\u0131\u015f onu gittik\u00e7e daha da \u00e7ok ilgilendirir olmu\u015ftu. T\u00fcm bunlar\u0131n sonucunda \u0130rlandal\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131, dolay\u0131s\u0131yla kendisini sorunsalla\u015ft\u0131rmas\u0131 da son derece do\u011fald\u0131r. Casement, County Antrim’de Protestan bir baba ile Katolik bir annenin o\u011flu olarak d\u00fcnyaya geldi ve b\u00fct\u00fcn e\u011fitim d\u00f6nemi boyunca, \u0130rlanda \u00fczerindeki \u0130ngiliz h\u00e2kimiyetini korumay\u0131 ya\u015fam\u0131n\u0131n en \u00f6nemli \u00f6devi olarak g\u00f6renler aras\u0131nda yer ald\u0131. Ama Birinci D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131 \u00f6ncesinde \u0130rlanda sorunu patlak verdi\u011finde, Casement “\u0130rlanda’n\u0131n beyaz K\u0131z\u0131lderilileri” meselesiyle ilgilenmeye ba\u015flad\u0131. Y\u00fczy\u0131llard\u0131r \u0130rlandal\u0131lara yap\u0131lan haks\u0131zl\u0131k, vicdan\u0131n\u0131 giderek her \u015feyden daha \u00e7ok rahats\u0131z eder hale gelmi\u015fti. \u0130rlanda halk\u0131n\u0131n neredeyse yar\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n Cromwell’in askerleri taraf\u0131ndan \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fclm\u00fc\u015f olmas\u0131, binlerce kad\u0131n ve erke\u011fin beyaz k\u00f6leler olarak Bat\u0131 Hint Adalar\u0131’na g\u00f6nderilmesi, yak\u0131n zamanda bir milyondan fazla \u0130rlandal\u0131n\u0131n a\u00e7l\u0131ktan \u00f6lmesi ve yeni nesil gen\u00e7lerin b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011funun kendi vatanlar\u0131ndan g\u00f6\u00e7 etmeye zorlanmas\u0131, t\u00fcm bunlar akl\u0131ndan bir t\u00fcrl\u00fc \u00e7\u0131km\u0131yordu. 1914 y\u0131l\u0131nda, liberal y\u00f6netimin \u0130rlanda sorununa \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm olarak \u00f6nerdi\u011fi Home Rule sistemi, \u00e7e\u015fitli \u0130ngiliz \u00e7\u0131kar gruplar\u0131n\u0131n a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a ya da gizliden gizliye destekledi\u011fi fanatik Kuzey \u0130rlandal\u0131 Protestanlar\u0131n kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131yla ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131zl\u0131\u011fa u\u011fray\u0131nca, Casement i\u00e7in nihai kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131yla ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131zl\u0131\u011fa u\u011fray\u0131nca, Casement i\u00e7in nihai karar \u00e2n\u0131 gelmi\u015f oldu. \u0130ngiliz Milletler Toplulu\u011fu \u015fiddetle \u015fiddetle sars\u0131lsa bile, \u0130rlanda i\u00e7in Home Rule u\u011fruna, Ulster’\u0131n direni\u015finden \u00f6d\u00fcn vermeyece\u011fiz, diye ilan etti Protestan az\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131n \u00f6nde gelen temsilcilerinden olan Frederick Smith; Protestan az\u0131nl\u0131k, h\u00fck\u00fcmetin asker\u00ee birlikliklerine kar\u015f\u0131 gerekirse silah yoluyla m\u00fccadele ederek ayr\u0131cal\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 korumaya haz\u0131rd\u0131. Y\u00fcz bin insan g\u00fcc\u00fcndeki Ulster G\u00f6n\u00fcll\u00fcleri kuruldu ve g\u00fcneyde de bir g\u00f6n\u00fcll\u00fcler ordusu olu\u015fturuldu. Casement asker toplama ve silahland\u0131rma \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131nda da rol oynad\u0131. Ni\u015fanlar\u0131n\u0131 Londra’ya geri g\u00f6nderdi. Kendisine teklif edilen emekli maa\u015f\u0131n\u0131 reddetti. 1915’in ba\u015f\u0131nda gizli bir g\u00f6rev i\u00e7in Berlin’e gitti. Amac\u0131, Alman \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu’nun \u0130rlanda’n\u0131n ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k ordusuna silah temin etmesini sa\u011flamak ve Almanya’daki \u0130rlandal\u0131 sava\u015f tutsaklar\u0131n\u0131 bir tugay olu\u015fturmaya ikna etmekti. Ancak iki giri\u015fim de sonu\u00e7suz kald\u0131 ve Casement bir Alman denizalt\u0131s\u0131yla \u0130rlanda’ya geri g\u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc. Casement, \u00f6lesiye yorgun ve buz gibi su y\u00fcz\u00fcnden neredeyse donmu\u015f bir halde, Tralee Koyu’nda, Banna sahilinde karaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. Art\u0131k elli bir ya\u015f\u0131ndayd\u0131. K\u0131sa bir s\u00fcre i\u00e7inde tutuklanacakt\u0131. Yine de bir rahibe, “Almanlar yard\u0131ma haz\u0131r de\u011fil” mesaj\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6ndermeyi ba\u015fararak, 1916 Paskalya Yortusu’nda ba\u015flat\u0131lmas\u0131 tasarlanan ayaklanmay\u0131 engelledi; \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc t\u00fcm \u0130rlanda i\u00e7in d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclen ayaklanman\u0131n bu durumda ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131z olaca\u011f\u0131 zaten belliydi. Buna kar\u015f\u0131n idealistlerin, yazarlar, sendikac\u0131lar ve Dublin’deki sorumlu \u00f6\u011fretmenlerin kendilerini ve kendilerine kulak verenleri yedi g\u00fcnl\u00fck bir sokak kavgas\u0131na kurban etmeleri ise ayr\u0131 bir konudur. Ayaklanma bast\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u0131rada Casement h\u00e2l\u00e2 Londra Kulesi’ndeki h\u00fccredeydi. Avukat\u0131 yoktu. O s\u0131ralarda ba\u015fsavc\u0131l\u0131\u011fa y\u00fckselen Frederick Smith savc\u0131 olarak atan\u0131nca, davan\u0131n seyri de a\u015fa\u011f\u0131 yukar\u0131 belli oldu. Etkili makamlardan gelebilecek her t\u00fcrl\u00fc af dilek\u00e7esini engellemek amac\u0131yla, Casement’\u0131n evinde yap\u0131lan aramada bulunan ve su\u00e7lular\u0131n e\u015fcinsel kayd\u0131n\u0131 i\u00e7eren “Kara G\u00fcnl\u00fck”, \u0130ngiltere kral\u0131na, Birle\u015fmi\u015f Milletler ba\u015fkan\u0131na ve Papa’ya g\u00f6nderildi. Yak\u0131n zamana kadar Londra’n\u0131n g\u00fcneybat\u0131s\u0131ndaki Kew’da, \u0130ngiliz Devlet Ar\u015fivi’nde kilit alt\u0131nda tutulan Casement’\u0131n “Kara G\u00fcnl\u00fck”\u00fcn\u00fcn ger\u00e7ek olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan uzun s\u00fcre ku\u015fku duyuldu. Bunun en \u00f6nemli nedenlerinden biri, s\u00f6zde \u0130rlandal\u0131 ter\u00f6ristlere kar\u015f\u0131 y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclen davada, kan\u0131tlar\u0131n toplanmas\u0131 ve iddianamenin haz\u0131rlanmas\u0131yla ilgilenen y\u00fcr\u00fctme ve yarg\u0131 organlar\u0131n\u0131n yak\u0131n zamana kadar tahmin ve su\u00e7lamalar\u0131nda defalarca ihmalk\u00e2r davranm\u0131\u015f, dahas\u0131 ger\u00e7ekleri kasten de de\u011fi\u015ftirerek su\u00e7 i\u015flemi\u015f olmas\u0131yd\u0131. \u0130rlanda \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck hareketinin eski muharipleri i\u00e7in, \u015fehitlerinden birinin \u0130ngiltere taraf\u0131ndan ahlaks\u0131zl\u0131k su\u00e7lamas\u0131yla tutuklanm\u0131\u015f oldu\u011funu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmek bile imk\u00e2ns\u0131zd\u0131. Buna kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k 1994 bahar\u0131nda g\u00fcnl\u00fcklerin \u00fczerindeki yasa\u011f\u0131n kalkmas\u0131yla birlikte, bunlar\u0131n bizzat Casement’\u0131n elinden \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131na da hi\u00e7 ku\u015fku kalmad\u0131. Buradan \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131labilecek tek sonu\u00e7 \u015fuydu: Casement’\u0131n iktidar odaklar\u0131na en uzak olan insanlara uygulanan ve toplumsal s\u0131n\u0131flar ve \u0131rklar\u0131n s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131 a\u015fan bask\u0131, s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fc, k\u00f6lele\u015ftirme hareketinin fark\u0131na varmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flayan, tam da onun e\u015fcinselli\u011fiydi belki de. Tahmin edilebilece\u011fi \u00fczere, Casement, Old Bailey’de g\u00f6r\u00fclen davalar sonucunda vatana ihanetten su\u00e7lu bulundu. Mahkemeye ba\u015fkanl\u0131k eden Yarg\u0131\u00e7 Lord Reading, eski ad\u0131yla Rufus Isaacs, mahkemenin karar\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131klad\u0131. \u00d6nce hapishaneye, sonra da idam edilece\u011finiz yere gideceksiniz, dedi, ve orada da as\u0131larak idam edileceksiniz. Roger Casement’\u0131n Pentonville Hapishanesi’nin avlusundaki kire\u00e7 kuyusuna at\u0131lan cesedi art\u0131k kimli\u011fi belirlenmeyecek hale gelmi\u015fti ve \u0130ngiltere y\u00f6netimi cesedin oradan \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lmas\u0131na ancak 1965’de izin verdi.”<\/p>\n

W. G. Sebald, Sat\u00fcrn’\u00fcn Halkalar\u0131: \u0130ngiltere’de bir Hac Yolculu\u011fu<\/em>, \u00e7ev. Ye\u015fim T\u00fckel K\u0131l\u0131\u00e7, Can Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, 2006 [1992], s. 122-8.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

“Kongo’nun ticarete a\u00e7\u0131lmas\u0131 \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde yerli halka uygulanan zorbal\u0131klar\u0131n tarz\u0131 ve boyutlar\u0131yla ilgili haberler kamuoyuna ilk kez 1903 y\u0131l\u0131nda, o s\u0131ralarda Boma’daki \u0130ngiliz Konsoloslu\u011fu’na atanan Roger Casement taraf\u0131ndan duyuruldu. D\u0131\u015fi\u015fleri Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 Sekreteri Lord Landsdowne’a sundu\u011fu raporda Casement, -Korzeniovski Londral\u0131 bir tan\u0131d\u0131\u011f\u0131na, kendisinin uzun zamand\u0131r unutmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u015feyleri Casement’\u0131n anlatabilece\u011fini s\u00f6ylemi\u015fti- siyahlar\u0131n ac\u0131mas\u0131zca s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fclmesi hakk\u0131nda kesin bilgiler … Continue reading Sebald, Casement ve S\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fc ile M\u00fccadele<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[33,8],"tags":[257,256,255,254],"class_list":["post-943","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-alinti","category-roman","tag-kolelik","tag-roger-casement","tag-saturnun-halkalari","tag-w-g-sebald"],"aioseo_notices":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_shortlink":"https:\/\/wp.me\/p9WYIs-fd","jetpack-related-posts":[{"id":2207,"url":"https:\/\/yalpertem.com\/blog\/2018\/10\/30\/vila-matas-montano-hastaliginda-sebald-referanslari\/","url_meta":{"origin":943,"position":0},"title":"Vila-Matas, Montano Hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131’nda Sebald Referanslar\u0131","author":"yalpertem","date":"30 October 2018","format":false,"excerpt":"Montano Hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131, oda\u011f\u0131nda Sebald metinleri olan bir roman de\u011fil. Oda\u011f\u0131nda -ki referans verdi\u011fi metinler s\u00f6z konusu oldu\u011funda bir referans oda\u011f\u0131 yok asl\u0131nda- pek \u00e7ok edebi metin var. Sebald ilk on aday listesini ancak zorlar fakat se\u00e7ici ge\u00e7irgenlik ve\u00a0baader-meinhof fenomeni uyar\u0131nca ben onu se\u00e7ip ta\u015f\u0131d\u0131m. 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