{"id":327,"date":"2017-10-05T20:57:28","date_gmt":"2017-10-05T17:57:28","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/yalpertem.com\/blog\/?p=327"},"modified":"2022-11-13T23:57:19","modified_gmt":"2022-11-13T22:57:19","slug":"webster-giddens-enformasyon-dusunumsellik-gozetim","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/yalpertem.com\/blog\/2017\/10\/05\/webster-giddens-enformasyon-dusunumsellik-gozetim\/","title":{"rendered":"Webster &#038; Giddens: Enformasyon, D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcmsellik &#038; G\u00f6zetim"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" data-attachment-id=\"328\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/yalpertem.com\/blog\/2017\/10\/05\/webster-giddens-enformasyon-dusunumsellik-gozetim\/anthony-giddens\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/yalpertem.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/10\/anthony-giddens.jpg?fit=550%2C330&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"550,330\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"anthony-giddens\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/yalpertem.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/10\/anthony-giddens.jpg?fit=550%2C330&amp;ssl=1\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-328 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/yalpertem.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/10\/anthony-giddens.jpg?resize=300%2C180\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"180\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/yalpertem.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/10\/anthony-giddens.jpg?resize=300%2C180&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/yalpertem.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/10\/anthony-giddens.jpg?w=550&amp;ssl=1 550w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/>Webster, F. (2014).<em> Theories of the Information Society<\/em> (4 ed.). London &amp; New York: Routledge.<\/p>\n<p>Webster&#8217;\u0131n kitab\u0131n\u0131n 11. B\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc olan<em> &#8220;Enformasyon, d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcmsellik ve g\u00f6zetim: Anthony Giddens&#8221;<\/em> (Information, reflexivity and surveillance: Anthony Giddens) i\u00e7in sunum notlar\u0131.<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Giddens (1938 &#8211; )<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Kariyerini sosyal teori ve modernitenin (17. Y\u00fczy\u0131ldan bug\u00fcne) geli\u015fimine adam\u0131\u015f bir sosyolog. Sistem i\u00e7i bir d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce insan\u0131. Tarihselcilik ve empirisizm kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131. Yorumsamac\u0131 denilebilir mi?<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">70&#8217;lerden g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 konular:\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">structuration theory <em>(katmanla\u015fma, yap\u0131lanma)<\/em>, t<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">arihsel sosyoloji, d<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcmsel (reflexive) modernle\u015fme, \u00fc<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">retilmi\u015f belirsizlik <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">(manufactured uncertainty)<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> h\u00fck\u00fcm s\u00fcrerken al\u0131nan kararlar, pratik sonu\u00e7lar\u0131 \u00fczerine \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131yor.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">3rd way (\u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc yolculuk) ile ili\u015fkilendirilir akademi d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda (New Labour, Bill Clinton, Tony Blair&#8230;). Son y\u0131llarda politik m\u00fccadele alan\u0131na ge\u00e7ti. \u00d6nce sosyoloji tarihi \u00fczerine, sonra yap\u0131lanma, sonra modernite, d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcmsellik, risk; \u015fimdilerdeyse reel politik \u00fczerine \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131yor. Dijital devrim(?) \u00fczerine de yaz\u0131yor.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Enformasyonun \u00f6nemine dikkat \u00e7eken \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fcleri i\u00e7in konu ediyor Webster:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Enformasyon sava\u015f\u0131<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">G\u00f6zetim ve demokratikle\u015fme<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Giddens direkt enformasyon toplumu \u00fczerine yazmaz, \u015f\u00fcphe ile yakla\u015f\u0131r: D\u00f6nemi <\/span><b>Radikal Modernite <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">olarak adland\u0131r\u0131r, modernite ile ili\u015fkilendirilen \u00f6zelliklerin artan bir h\u0131zda geli\u015fimini g\u00f6r\u00fcr.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Modern toplumlar ba\u015f\u0131ndan beri bilgi toplumuydular. (Webster\u2019\u0131n \u00e7ekincelerine uygun.) Enformasyonla\u015fan ili\u015fkiler \u00fczerine d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclmeli fakat \u201cyeni\u201d bir enformasyon toplumuna girmiyoruz diye d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcr.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Modernite problemati\u011fi: Klasik sosyal teorisyenlerle ili\u015fki i\u00e7inde: Marx, Durkheim, Weber. Onlar gibi modernitenin ortaya \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131yla sosyolojinin de ortaya \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131 ve amac\u0131n\u0131 inceliyor: \u201cgeleneksel\u201d toplumlardan kopu\u015f:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Fabrika \u00fcretimi<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">B\u00fcrokratikle\u015fme<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Kentle\u015fme<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Bilimsel \u00fcretimin y\u00fckseli\u015fi<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Do\u011fay\u0131 yeni g\u00f6rme bi\u00e7imleri<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Kurumsal ve davran\u0131\u015fsal d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcmler\u2026<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Giddens Marx (kapitalizm), Durkheim (end\u00fcstrile\u015fme), Weber (rasyonelle\u015fme) yorumlar\u0131n\u0131 yetersiz, basitle\u015ftirici bulur. Onlar\u0131n kenara itti\u011fi iki ana meselesi vard\u0131r:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Y\u00fckselen g\u00f6zetim<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u015eiddet, sava\u015f ve ulus devlet<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">G\u00f6zetim fikri Foucault ve Weber\u2019den etkilenir.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Enformasyonun k\u00f6keni, \u00f6nemi ve geli\u015fimine dair ilgin\u00e7 bir perspektif sunar.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Organization, observation and control<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Hayat ge\u00e7mi\u015fe oranla b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde daha (organized) kurulmu\u015f, organize.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Fakat bu demek de\u011fil ki, \u00f6nceden daha \u00f6zg\u00fcrd\u00fck. \u00c7ok ciddi ba\u015fka sorunlar vard\u0131 (a\u00e7l\u0131k, do\u011fa korkusu, kad\u0131nlara do\u011furma bask\u0131s\u0131, y\u00f6netenlerin direkt bask\u0131s\u0131, s\u0131n\u0131rlar..) Rousseau\u2019cu bir \u201cworld before chains\u201d hali yoktu.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz\u00fcn rutin ve sistematik y\u00f6netilmi\u015fli\u011fi hapishanede ya\u015f\u0131yoruz anlam\u0131na gelmez. Artan \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fcklerin daha iyi organizasyonel becerilerle ili\u015fkili oldu\u011fu bile s\u00f6ylenebilir. Fakat ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7 noktas\u0131 \u015fu:<\/span><\/p>\n<p><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u201cYa\u015fam \u00f6nceden oldu\u011funa oranla, \u00e7ok daha organize olmu\u015f durumda.\u201d<\/span><\/i><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Modern ya\u015fam\u0131n organizasyonel becerileri: E\u011fitim sistemi &amp; Besin al\u0131\u015fveri\u015f sistemi. \u00c7ok daha karma\u015f\u0131k \u00f6rnekler verilebilir. Biz de bu organizasyona \u201c<\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">g\u00fcveniriz<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u201d.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">B\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn de temas\u0131 olarak: Ya\u015fam bilgisini sistematik olarak toplamal\u0131y\u0131z, toplumsal bir ya\u015fam s\u00fcrebilmek i\u00e7in insanlar\u0131 tan\u0131mam\u0131z gerekir. \u201cRutin g\u00f6zetim\u201d efektif organizasyon i\u00e7in gerekli. Neyi ne kadar t\u00fcketirler vs. <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">(Soru: bu g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fen bir \u015fey olabilir mi? Asl\u0131nda belki de gerekli de\u011fildir. Biten kaynaklar ile bitmeyen kaynaklar aras\u0131ndaki ayr\u0131m\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnebiliriz burada. Yeme\u011fi, \u00e7ama\u015f\u0131r makinesini vs. ka\u00e7 ki\u015finin alaca\u011f\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcl\u00fcrek \u00fcretmek mant\u0131kl\u0131 ama bilgiyi b\u00f6yle \u00fcretmeyiz. Burada fiziksel olan ve enformasyonel olan aras\u0131nda bir ayr\u0131m konulabilir.)<\/span><\/i><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Organizasyon ve G\u00f6zlem bir ikiz olarak modern toplumda birlikte geli\u015fmi\u015flerdir.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Ya\u015fam gittik\u00e7e \u201cg\u00f6m\u00fcl\u00fc\u201d (embedded) olmaktan \u00e7\u0131k\u0131yor, \u201ctopluluk\u201dlara ve \u201cdo\u011fa\u201dya ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131 de\u011fil. B\u00f6yle zorunluluklar ge\u00e7ip gitmi\u015f durumda. Kollektif oldu\u011fu kadar ki\u015fisel kararlar da al\u0131nabiliyor. Bunun sonucu: kaderin, \u201cbu i\u015f b\u00f6yle yap\u0131l\u0131r\u201d vaaz\u0131n\u0131n inan\u0131l\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kaybetmesi. Do\u011fal limitler zorlan\u0131yor, ahlaki iddialara kar\u015f\u0131 geliniyor (<\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Soru: bu \u00e7ok \u00f6nceden de olan bir \u015fey de\u011fil mi? Yeni \u201cpop\u00fclerle\u015fmi\u015f\u201d olabilir mi?<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">).<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u015eunun insanlar hep fark\u0131nda s\u00fcrekli: Kar\u015f\u0131m\u0131za gelen \u015feyler verili de\u011fil, toplumsal olarak kurulmu\u015f.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Moderniteyle birlikte y\u00fckselen se\u00e7im f\u0131rsatlar\u0131 \u015funu \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131yor: y\u00fckselen bir d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcmsellik. Fakat bununla birlikte gelen de y\u00fckselen bir g\u00f6zetim (bilgi toplama).<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Din de b\u00f6yle bir duruma geldi, dine inanmak i\u00e7in insanlar\u0131n o dine dair bilgi almas\u0131 gerekiyor. (Weber miydi, din de 1 g\u00fcnl\u00fck k\u00fclt\u00fcrel bir pratik haline geldi diyen?).<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Se\u00e7im ancak olanaklara dair bilgi edinildi\u011finde elde edilir. Bu noktada <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">medyan\u0131n rol\u00fc <\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">de art\u0131yor.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">G\u00f6m\u00fcl\u00fc olmaktan \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f (disembedding) artan bir d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcmsellik talep ediyor, gelece\u011fe dair de \u00f6nemli sonu\u00e7lar\u0131 var:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Risk y\u00f6netimi gerekiyor. (Evlilik \u00f6ncesi birlikte ya\u015fama \u00fczerinden \u00f6rnekler.)<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Devlet &amp; \u015eirket \u00e7evre, ula\u015f\u0131m, tar\u0131m vs. \u00fczerine \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131rken de ayn\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 yapar: g\u00f6zetim ve bilgi toplama<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b>Paradoks: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Ge\u00e7mi\u015ftekilere g\u00f6re yapabileceklerimizin s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 \u00e7ok daha geni\u015f. Hayatlar\u0131m\u0131z \u00fczerinde \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck ve kontrol haklar\u0131m\u0131z var. Fakat yine de onlara g\u00f6re daha az emin, \u015f\u00fcpheci, karars\u0131z, belirsiz bir durumday\u0131z. Geleneksel sonras\u0131 toplumda ya\u015fam paradoks dolu.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Bug\u00fcnk\u00fc d\u00fcnya enformasyona dair doymak bilmez bir i\u015ftahla dolu, t\u00fcm gelenekleri sorgulayan, hayat\u0131 her a\u015famas\u0131nda \u201ckontrol alt\u0131na almaya\u201d \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan bir mentalite. <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Kurumsal, siyasal ve ki\u015fisel olarak.<\/span><\/i><\/p>\n<p><b>Paradoxes of modernity<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">G\u00f6zetim hakk\u0131nda yazanlar hep olumsuz yakla\u015f\u0131rlar. Weber \u00f6rnek verilebilir.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u201cSpecialists without spirit, sensualists without heart\u201d, \u201cmechanised petrification\u201d, \u201ciron cage\u201d, \u201crational-legal organization\u201d. <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Bunlar \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131nda bir ayr\u0131m yapmak gerekli: <\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Individuation (bireyle\u015fme, fert olma):<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Herkesin bir ki\u015fi olarak, tekil bir kay\u0131t alt\u0131na al\u0131nmas\u0131, isim, do\u011fum tarihi, i\u015f ya\u015fam\u0131, tc kimlik vs.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Individuality (bireylik, bireysellik):<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Kendi kaderini elinde tutma, kendi iste\u011fini yapma, ya\u015fam\u0131nda kontrol sahibi olma, -fakat toplumsal \u00f6rg\u00fctlenmeyle tahlike alt\u0131na girmi\u015f durumda<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Bu ikisi birbirine kar\u015f\u0131t bir bi\u00e7imde geli\u015fmekte. Bireyle\u015fme artt\u0131k\u00e7a bireylik olumsuz etkileniyor. \u00d6te yandan \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn yolunu a\u00e7may\u0131 da sa\u011fl\u0131yor. Oy vermek istiyorsak, bunu sa\u011flamal\u0131y\u0131z. Ayn\u0131 \u015fekilde, insanlara yard\u0131m edilmesi gerekiyorsa durumlar\u0131 tan\u0131mlanarak ve detayland\u0131r\u0131larak yap\u0131lmal\u0131.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u015e\u00f6yle bir premise olabilir: \u201c\u0130nsanlara dair bilgi toplanacaksa, bu onlar\u0131n yarar\u0131na olmal\u0131d\u0131r.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Buna \u00f6rnek olarak telefon hatt\u0131 verilebilir <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">(Bunu da WhatsApp vs. Telegram \u00fczerinden sorunsalla\u015ft\u0131rabiliriz.)<\/span><\/i><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Webster, kredi kart\u0131 bilgilerinin toplanmas\u0131n\u0131 da, bir \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck yarat\u0131m\u0131 olarak de\u011ferlendiriyor.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Di\u011fer paradoks: Kom\u015fuluk k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcnden \u00e7\u0131k\u0131p yabanc\u0131l\u0131k k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcne ge\u00e7tik:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u201cCommunity\u201d (cemaat, aile, k\u00f6y vb.) den kentsel ya\u015fam\u0131n yabanc\u0131lar\u0131yla ya\u015famaya (otob\u00fcs \u015fof\u00f6r\u00fc, tezgahtar, bakkal)<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Burada Simmel\u2019i anarak, kapal\u0131 topluluktan yabanc\u0131larla ya\u015famaya ge\u00e7i\u015fin hem kafa kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 hem \u00f6zg\u00fcrle\u015ftirici yanlar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6rd\u00fck. Bask\u0131c\u0131 ba\u011flardan s\u0131yr\u0131lma, anonimle\u015fme, dedikodudan ve alaydan kurtulma vs\u2026<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Cemaat &#8211; \u015eehir yap\u0131s\u0131ndaki ayr\u0131mda olu\u015fan paradoks: Asl\u0131nda \u015fehirde i\u015fleyi\u015fi s\u00fcrd\u00fcrmek i\u00e7in \u00e7ok daha fazla\/detayl\u0131 bilgi toplan\u0131yor bireye dair:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Toplanan bilginin do\u011fas\u0131 farkl\u0131<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Pre-modern: konu\u015fma ve haf\u0131zaya dayal\u0131<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Modern: dijital ve yaz\u0131l\u0131 kay\u0131tlar (izler), banka servisleri vs.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">(Burada toplanan bilgiler sorunsalla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131labilir\u2026 Toplanan bilginin do\u011fas\u0131, ne i\u015fe yarad\u0131\u011f\u0131, \u00f6tekinin bilmesinin ki\u015fi i\u00e7in ifade etti\u011fi anlam, \u201ckim\u201din bildi\u011fi, bilgi toplanan ki\u015finin g\u00f6rece anonimli\u011fi, bilgi toplaman\u0131n \u201c\u00f6nlenemezli\u011fi\u201d vs.)<\/span><\/i><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Webster Manichean (ahlaki dualizm) pozisyon\u2019dan ka\u00e7\u0131nmay\u0131 \u00f6\u011f\u00fctl\u00fcyor: \u201cDaha \u00e7ok veri toplan\u0131yor, bireyin \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc daha k\u0131s\u0131tl\u0131yor, organizasyon artt\u0131k\u00e7a otonomi azal\u0131r\u201d gibi basite indirgememek laz\u0131m.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>The nation state, violence and surveillance<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Giddens artan g\u00f6zetim ve organizasyon i\u00e7in dikkatini b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde (ulus) <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u201cdevlet\u201d<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">e veriyor. \u201cToplum\u201d ve \u201culus devlet\u201d ayr\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 yapman\u0131n \u00f6nemine dikkat \u00e7ekiyor.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Giddens\u2019\u0131n arg\u00fcman\u0131nda merkezi bir nokta: S\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 \u00e7izili bir alan ile tan\u0131mlanan ulus devlet i\u00e7in, egemenli\u011fini s\u00fcrd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc alanda \u201cenformasyon\u201dun \u00f6zel bir de\u011feri var. Bu a\u00e7\u0131dan, Giddens\u2019\u0131n me\u015fhur al\u0131nt\u0131s\u0131na g\u00f6re, modern devletler ba\u015f\u0131ndan beri enformasyon toplumuydular, ulus devletler merkeziyet\u00e7i y\u00f6netim ad\u0131na bunu katmerledi <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">(Burada Bauman\u2019\u0131n K\u00fcreselle\u015fme metni \u00f6rnek verilebilir, \u015fehir planc\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 tart\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 k\u0131s\u0131m.)<\/span><\/i><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Kim vatanda\u015f\u0131, kim de\u011fil diye ay\u0131rt edebilmeli<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Tahsis edebilece\u011fi kaynaklar\u0131n\u0131 (planlama, y\u00f6netim) bilmeli<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Otoriter kaynaklar\u0131n\u0131 (iktidar ve denetleme) bilmeli<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b>1]<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Modern d\u00fcnya \u201culus devletler\u201d ile kurulmu\u015ftur. K\u00fcreselle\u015fme s\u00fcre\u00e7lerini es ge\u00e7mek de\u011fildir bu elbet.<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Bu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceyi destekleyen: Anti-AB eylemleri, ulusal ma\u00e7lar\/olimpiyatlar, siyasal hareketler<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Milliyet\u00e7ili\u011fin otokratik, \u0131rk\u00e7\u0131, sava\u015f\u00e7\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcmleri, etnik temizlikler. Etraf\u0131nda bir s\u00fcr\u00fc mitik ge\u00e7mi\u015f \u00f6\u011fesi var.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Marksistler de kabul etmeli ki i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 \u201culus devlet\u201d s\u00f6ylemine \u201ct\u00fcm d\u00fcnyan\u0131n i\u015f\u00e7ileri birle\u015fin\u201d iddias\u0131ndan daha s\u0131k\u0131 sar\u0131ld\u0131. Fakat, \u201culus\u201d aidiyeti ayn\u0131 zamanda da bir d\u0131\u015flamad\u0131r. \u015e\u00f6yle bir \u00e7a\u011fda:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">B\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7ekli g\u00f6\u00e7ler<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Ulusa dair yasal kavramsalla\u015ft\u0131rmalar (pasaport, yurtta\u015f haklar\u0131 vs.)<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Bu d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm hisler, anlamlar, ittifaklar ve kimliklerin yer ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 k\u00fclt\u00fcr alan\u0131nda daha gergin ve zehirli bir ortam yaratabilir.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">End\u00fcstriyel kapitalizm ulus devletlerinin \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fclmesini de\u011fil, aksine g\u00fc\u00e7lenmesini sa\u011flad\u0131. Ulus devlet mali, e\u011fitim, refah devleti, yasaya ve d\u00fczene dair uygulamalar\u0131 gibi a\u00e7\u0131lardan sosyal hayat\u0131 da belirleyen ba\u015fl\u0131ca fakt\u00f6rlerden oldu.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Ulus devlet kendisini ezeli ve ebedi gibi g\u00f6sterse de tarihi olduk\u00e7a k\u0131sa (en fazla birka\u00e7 y\u00fcz y\u0131l). Ne zaman sona erece\u011fi bilinmez. Bir\u00e7ok devlet kendi i\u00e7lerindeki ulusla\u015fma niyetleri taraf\u0131ndan tehdit ediliyorlar<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>2]<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Ulus devletler yeniler ve yeniden d\u00fczenlenmeye a\u00e7\u0131klar fakat bir di\u011fer ortakl\u0131klar\u0131 var: \u00e7o\u011funluklar\u0131 sava\u015f ko\u015fullar\u0131nda kuruldu ve g\u00fcven verici askeri savunma stratejileriyle ayakta kalmaktalar. Ulus devlet i\u00e7in <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">sava\u015fma<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> ve <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">sava\u015fa haz\u0131r olma<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> temel bir \u00f6zellik.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Benedict Anderson ulus devlet i\u00e7in \u201ciktidar kurumlar\u0131n\u0131n\u201d (institutions of power) bilgi kaynaklar\u0131yla ili\u015fkisini tart\u0131\u015ft\u0131: haritalar ve n\u00fcfus say\u0131mlar\u0131.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Harita: s\u00f6m\u00fcrgecili\u011fin i\u015fleticisi (tekni\u011fe dair)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Devletin kontrol\u00fc alt\u0131ndaki her \u015feyi (ki\u015filer, b\u00f6lgeler, dinler, diller, \u00fcr\u00fcnler, yap\u0131lar vs.) modelleyebilecek aray\u0131\u015flar var: \u201ctotal surveyability\u201d, \u201ca totalizing classificatory grid\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Daha az dramatik olarak ifade edersek: Ulus devletin tan\u0131m\u0131 belli bir b\u00f6lgede egemenlik oldu\u011fundan \u201csava\u015fa haz\u0131r olmak\u201d t\u00fcm ulus devletlerin zorunlu olduklar\u0131 bir durum diyebiliriz.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">3] Modern sava\u015f\/savunma 20. yy\u2019da <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u201ctoplumun genelini\u201d <\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00e7ok daha b\u00fcy\u00fck oranda etkileyen bir mesele haline geldi.<\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> (Roger Stahl, Militainment, Sava\u015f Oyunlar\u0131 A.\u015e.) <\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">20. yy\u2019da sava\u015flarda hayat\u0131n\u0131 kaybedenlerde (sava\u015fan ve sivil halk) artma oldu (<\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00f6yle mi, bak?<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">). 1. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131 sava\u015f \u00f6l\u00fcmleri a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan d\u00f6n\u00fcm noktas\u0131yd\u0131, can kay\u0131plar\u0131 tahmin edilemez noktalara ula\u015ft\u0131. 39-45 aras\u0131 45M ki\u015fi hayat\u0131n\u0131 kaybetti.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Sava\u015f hali, \u201cend\u00fcstriyel aktivite\u201d ve \u201csava\u015fa haz\u0131r olma hali\u201d ile ili\u015fkili olarak toplum yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n derinlerine n\u00fcfuz etti. Giddens\u2019a g\u00f6re 1. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda ve sonras\u0131nda kimyasallar, enerji, m\u00fchendislik gibi bilimsel u\u011fra\u015flar sava\u015f ile i\u00e7 i\u00e7e girdi. (Klasik new-media \u00f6rne\u011fi olarak Arpanet verilebilir.) <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Sava\u015f ve savunma sanayi, end\u00fcstriyel geli\u015fim ile \u015fekillenen bir pratik oldu, \u201csava\u015f\u0131n end\u00fcstriyelle\u015fmesi\u201d denebilir buna da 1914-1970 aras\u0131 i\u00e7in (Industrial Warfare). Kitle seferberli\u011fi ve end\u00fcstriyel \u00fcretim\/sava\u015f becerisi aras\u0131nda yak\u0131n bir ba\u011f\u0131 imleyebiliriz.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Information War<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">End\u00fcstriyel sava\u015f hali, zamanla yerini enformasyon sava\u015f\u0131na b\u0131rakt\u0131 (Information War):<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">(Olas\u0131) d\u00fc\u015fmanlar\u0131 g\u00f6zlemek <\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Kaynaklar\u0131 enformasyon ekseninde ayarlamak<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u0130\u00e7eride ve d\u0131\u015far\u0131da kamuoyunu (-n alg\u0131s\u0131n\u0131) y\u00f6netmek<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Bilgi teknolojileri her alana girdi. Enformasyon kaynakl\u0131 silahlar (d\u00fc\u015fman\u0131 g\u00f6zleyen uydular, ak\u0131ll\u0131 silahlar, vur-unut). Paradigmatik d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm: art\u0131k bilgi\/teknik sadece rakibi izlemek de\u011fil (So\u011fuk Sava\u015f) ayn\u0131 zamanda kendi eylemlerini belirleyen bir ara\u00e7\/(ajan?) haline geldi.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Enformasyon Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n ay\u0131rt edici \u00f6zellikleri:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Deniza\u015f\u0131r\u0131 sistemleri y\u00f6netmek i\u00e7in dayan\u0131kl\u0131 komuta ve kontrol <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">(command and control) <\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">sistemleri. G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz sava\u015f\u0131 i\u00e7in bilgisayar ileti\u015fimi \u015fart. Ayn\u0131 anda hem <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">g\u00fc\u00e7<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> hem <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">zafiyet<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. Ele ge\u00e7irilebilir.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Sovyetlerin \u00e7\u00f6k\u00fc\u015f\u00fc, so\u011fuk sava\u015f\u0131n biti\u015fi, s\u00fcper g\u00fc\u00e7lerin sahneden \u00e7ekili\u015fi Castells\u2019in deyimiyle \u201canl\u0131k sava\u015flar\u201d (instant wars) problemini \u00fcretti. K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck kar\u015f\u0131la\u015fmalar: yol kenar\u0131nda bombalamalar, intihar eylemleri. Toplumun genelini duygusal olarak etkileyen olaylar.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Enformasyon sava\u015f\u0131 toplumun mobilizasyonunu gerektirmiyor. \u201cAskeriye\u201dden \u201cbilgi sava\u015f\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131\u201dna ge\u00e7i\u015f var, k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir profesyonel asker grubu karar alabiliyor. Se\u00e7kin bir askeri s\u0131n\u0131f, teknik bilgi gerektiren cihazlarda \u00e7al\u0131\u015farak sava\u015f halini y\u00fcr\u00fctebiliyor. (Burada Snowden \u00f6rne\u011fi verilebilir. Yine risk i\u00e7eren bir uygulama.)<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u201cAlg\u0131 y\u00f6netimi\u201dne \u00e7ok \u00f6nem veriliyor. Kamunun mobilizasyonu sava\u015fa kat\u0131lma de\u011fil de demokratik olarak sava\u015f\u0131 destekleme\/reddetme \u00fczerinden kuruluyor. Alg\u0131 y\u00f6netimi, pek \u00e7ok ve\u00e7heleriyle \u00f6nemli, ya\u015fayarak \u00f6\u011frendi devlerler. 1991 K\u00f6rfez Sava\u015f\u0131 ilk imtihand\u0131. \u0130majlar ortadayd\u0131.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Enformasyon Sava\u015f\u0131 a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 derecede geli\u015fmi\u015f teknolojilerle yap\u0131l\u0131yor. Hem askeriyeye hem enformasyon ara\u00e7lar\u0131na epey yat\u0131r\u0131m yap\u0131l\u0131yor.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Sava\u015f alan\u0131 da dijitalle\u015fti, siber-sava\u015f teknolojileri geli\u015fiyor.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Genel bir end\u00fcstriyel \u00fcretim, \u00e7aba ve y\u0131\u011f\u0131l\u0131m gerekmiyor. Son teknoloji \u00fcretime ula\u015fmak yeterli oluyor.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u201cEsneklik\u201d sava\u015f i\u00e7in de ge\u00e7erli. Hareketli olma, \u00e7abuk karar verme, h\u0131zl\u0131 tepki \u00f6nemli.Oyun teorisi ve simulasyonlar \u00f6nemli. \u201cBelirsizli\u011fin kesinli\u011fi\u201d (<\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">certainty of uncertainty)<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00d6nceden programlanan kararlar, otomasyon. (<\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Sorulabilir, sava\u015fta b\u00f6yleyse gittik\u00e7e g\u00fcndelik hayatta da b\u00f6yle olacak denebilir mi? Toplum, askeriyeyi takip ediyor baz\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131lardan.<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">) <\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b>Symbolic struggles<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Enformasyon sava\u015f\u0131n\u0131n bir y\u00f6n\u00fc sembolik ve yo\u011funla\u015fan medya yay\u0131l\u0131m\u0131. Sava\u015f daima medyatiktir fakat art\u0131k internet siteleri, e-mail\u2019ler, haber gruplar\u0131na yay\u0131l\u0131yor. (<\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Kentte \u015f\u00f6yle bir dola\u015farak k\u00fcresel sava\u015flar hakk\u0131nda bilgi edinilebilinir.<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Ge\u00e7mi\u015fe g\u00f6re (radyo, tv, gazete) sava\u015f haberlerini yapan medya organlar\u0131 da k\u00fcreselle\u015fti.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Eskiden birinci elden deneyimlenen sava\u015f art\u0131k medya dolay\u0131m\u0131yla \u201cizleniyor\u201d. (\u0130n\u00f6n\u00fc patlamas\u0131).<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u201cWe are safer from war than ever\u201d (Bu sorunsalla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131labilir, T\u00fcrkiye i\u00e7in). G\u00f6zlemci olarak haberdar oluyoruz. Enformasyon sava\u015f\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7ok az ki\u015fi y\u00fcr\u00fctt\u00fc\u011f\u00fc i\u00e7in bizzat sava\u015fanlarla \u00e7ok daha az muhattap oluyoruz. \u00d6te yandan sava\u015flara dair \u00f6n tart\u0131\u015fmalar, haberler, stratejik planlamalar vb. \u015eeylere dair \u00f6ncesine g\u00f6re kat be kat daha haberdar\u0131z (<\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/mideast.liveuamap.com\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">http:\/\/mideast.liveuamap.com<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">). Rus k\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 hissetmesek de. Her an bir \u015feyler patlak verebilir. Giddens bu duruma <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">yo\u011funla\u015fm\u0131\u015f d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcmsellik<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> (<\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">intensified reflexivity<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">) diyor.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Her alana yay\u0131lan medyan\u0131n da \u00f6nemini belirtmek gerekli. 24\/7 servisler, ulusa\u015f\u0131r\u0131 haberler, bilginin an\u0131nda ula\u015f\u0131m\u0131\u2026 Medya da d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fmekte: yak\u0131nsama ve eklemlenme (<\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">convergence and integration<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">). Guardian bas\u0131l\u0131\/internet \u00f6rne\u011fi.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Vietnam Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019nda s\u0131n\u0131rs\u0131z eri\u015fim verildi, sonu\u00e7lar\u0131 a\u011f\u0131r oldu. Sonras\u0131nda \u201cembedded gazeteciler\u201d vb. \u015fekillerde ulus devletler bilgi ak\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 kontrol alt\u0131nda tutmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131lar. Yine de i\u015fbirli\u011fi yapmayan gazeteciler oluyor (Vimeo\u2019da izledi\u011fim, K\u00fcrdistan\u2019a giden NY\u2019lu foto\u011fraf sanat\u00e7\u0131s\u0131, VICE. Tabi bu ki\u015filerin etki alan\u0131 da d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclmeli. Joey L. &#8211; Guerilla fighters of Kurdistan).<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Medya ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131 yapanlar genelde haberleri izler ve iktidar\/devlet taraf\u0131ndan nas\u0131l y\u00f6nlendirildiklerini saptarlar. Fakat bug\u00fcn medya \u00fcretimi i\u00e7in bu bak\u0131\u015f modas\u0131 ge\u00e7mi\u015f bir bak\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u015eu an daha mu\u011flak bir durum var. Sadece \u201cbizim \u00e7ocuklar\u0131 destekleyin\u201d yok \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc medya da ulusa\u015f\u0131r\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7lerin bar\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir alan. \u0130nternet, bloglar, yurtta\u015f gazetecili\u011fi vs. ile alan daha \u00e7ok m\u00fccadeleci g\u00fcc\u00fcn sava\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir alan haline geldi. Bu \u00e7o\u011fulculu\u011fun artmas\u0131 de\u011fil sava\u015f\u0131ma giren g\u00fc\u00e7lerin artmas\u0131 olarak okunabilir. Fakat \u015fu da var, art\u0131k haberler \u201cresmi\u201d makamlar\u0131n sans\u00fcr\u00fcne o kadar tak\u0131lm\u0131yor. <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">(T\u00fcrkiye i\u00e7in durum yine biraz daha \u00e7etrefilli)<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Surveillance and national defence<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">So\u011fuk sava\u015f\u0131n biti\u015fiyle savunma kurumlar\u0131n\u0131n ortadan kalkt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6yleyenler olabilir. So\u011fuk sava\u015f g\u00f6zetim i\u00e7in bir varolu\u015f sebebiydi fakat hala bu sebepler \u00fcretilmekte (Ortado\u011fu). Bu alanda hala ciddi \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar mevcut.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Uydular vb. Ara\u00e7larla gizli g\u00f6zetim s\u00fcr\u00fcyor.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00dclkeler sadece \u00fclke d\u0131\u015f\u0131 d\u00fc\u015fmanlar\u0131n\u0131 de\u011fil kendi vatanda\u015flar\u0131n\u0131 da g\u00f6zl\u00fcyorlar (<\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Devletin bankalara eri\u015fimi var mesela. Bitcoin vb. ara\u00e7larla bankac\u0131l\u0131k da ulusa\u015f\u0131r\u0131la\u015f\u0131rsa bu d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015febilir.<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">).<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00d6te yanda ter\u00f6rist sald\u0131rlar da artmakta. \u201c\u0130\u00e7imizdeki d\u00fc\u015fman\u201d\u0131 aramak i\u00e7in yap\u0131lan \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar g\u00f6zetimi art\u0131r\u0131yor. \u0130\u00e7eride ve d\u0131\u015far\u0131da artan g\u00f6zetim \u00e7abalar\u0131 ise David Lyon\u2019un \u201ckategorik \u015f\u00fcphe\u201d (categorical suspicion) diye adland\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131 durumu do\u011furuyor.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Human rights regimes<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Enformasyon sava\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n paradoksal etkileri var. \u00d6te yanda \u201cinsan haklar\u0131\u201d iddialar\u0131 y\u00fckseliyor. Yerel muhalif sesler \u00f6yle ya da b\u00f6yle duyuluyor. Sebepleri:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Demokrasinin yay\u0131l\u0131m\u0131<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Daha fazla haber da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m\u0131<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">TV belgeselleri<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Modern seyahatler<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Af \u00d6rg\u00fct\u00fc, S\u0131n\u0131r Tan\u0131mayan Doktorlar gibi NGO\u2019lar<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Bu \u00f6rg\u00fctler\/\u00e7abalar tekil bir mesaj vermek yerine \u201cglobal vatanda\u015flar\u201d olarak hak ihlallerine dikkat \u00e7ekiyorlar. Bir \u015fey yapmal\u0131 diye d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcyorlar.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">K\u00fcreselle\u015fme ve kom\u00fcnizm fikrinin \u00e7\u00f6k\u00fc\u015f\u00fcyle entelekt\u00fceller de kendilerinden \u00e7ok uzaktaki hak ihlallerine dikkat \u00e7ekiyorlar.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Giddens\u2019\u0131n \u201cd\u00fc\u015fmans\u0131z devletler\u201d (states without enemies) g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fc. K\u00f6ktenci (fundamentalist) \u00f6rg\u00fctlerle m\u00fccadelelerin do\u011fu\u015fu. Bu bir d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm anlam\u0131na geliyor, Havel\u2019in de alt\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7izdi\u011fi \u00fczere, devletlerin pozisyonlar\u0131 bu durumlarda kendi s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131 korumakla ilgili de\u011fil, d\u00fcnya bar\u0131\u015f\u0131 ile ilgili bir hale geliyor. 2. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131 ve Nazi Almanya\u2019s\u0131n\u0131n Yahudi\u2019lere yapt\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcnce bu yeni bir geli\u015fme.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Eskiden \u00e7ok fazla \u00f6l\u00fcm olurken bunlar bir \u015fekilde ge\u00e7i\u015ftirilebiliyordu. Bug\u00fcn sava\u015f cinayetleri kay\u0131t alt\u0131na al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve kamuoyunda etki uyand\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in daha ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131lan \u015feyler. \u00d6te yanda Suriye\u2019deki sava\u015f bir \u015fekilde y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclebiliniyor. Medyan\u0131n olaylar\u0131 iletimi de asimetrik g\u00fc\u00e7 ili\u015fkileriyle ba\u011flant\u0131l\u0131.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Citizenship and surveillance<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u015eu ana kadar Enformasyon Sava\u015f\u0131 ba\u011flam\u0131nda ulus devleti askeri yap\u0131lanmalar\u0131yla g\u00f6zetimin ili\u015fkisinden bahsedildi fakat bu g\u00f6zetimin ba\u015fka bir y\u00f6n\u00fc daha var: devletin yurtta\u015flar\u0131yla ili\u015fkisi.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Ulus devletin s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131 koruyabilmek i\u00e7in \u00f6nce s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 i\u00e7indeki \u00e7alkant\u0131y\u0131 durdurmas\u0131 gerekiyor. Giddens buna \u201cdahili pasifle\u015ftirme\u201d (internal pacification) diyor. \u0130lk ad\u0131m, n\u00fcfus say\u0131m\u0131. Tarihi ise 19. yy sonlar\u0131na gidiyor. Giddens\u2019a g\u00f6re y\u00f6netsel g\u00fc\u00e7 kendi i\u00e7 d\u00fczenlemelerine dair enformasyon toplamad\u0131k\u00e7a i\u015fleyemez. Askere almak i\u00e7in erkeklerin takibi\u2026 Vatanda\u015fl\u0131k \u00fclkede ya\u015fayan ki\u015fi yurtd\u0131\u015f\u0131na \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131nda vb. Durumlarda \u00fclkesiyle kontrat\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrmesi anlam\u0131na gelir.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Refah devletinin faydalar\u0131 da kitle g\u00f6zetiminin temel uygulamalar\u0131ndand\u0131r. Bu sayede yurtta\u015flar s\u00fcrekli olarak s\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r, \u201ckategorik ilgi\u201d i\u015fler.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Dangers of surveillance<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Ulus devletin g\u00f6zetim ihtiyac\u0131 yurtta\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n \u201cg\u00fcvenlik ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131\u201d ya da \u201chak ve g\u00f6revlerini\u201d belirleme ihtiyac\u0131ndan do\u011fuyor ve bir \u201cg\u00f6zetleme toplumu\u201d ortaya \u00e7\u0131k\u0131yor.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Ki\u015filer hakk\u0131nda polis dosyalar\u0131n\u0131n tutulmas\u0131n\u0131n o ki\u015filerin adil yarg\u0131lanmalar\u0131 ve tutuklanmalar\u0131yla ilgili sorunlu ili\u015fkilerini inceleyen yo\u011fun bir literat\u00fcr var.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Devlet g\u00f6zetimine dair iki temel \u00e7ekince var:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">G\u00fcvenlik servisleri i\u015f edinme, sa\u011fl\u0131k ve banka kay\u0131tlar\u0131na ula\u015fabilir<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Alakas\u0131z veritabanlar\u0131n\u0131n kar\u0131\u015fmas\u0131<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Dijitalle\u015fen kay\u0131tlarla birlikte bunlar\u0131n kesi\u015fmesi daha olanakl\u0131. Elektronik kimliklerle \u201cki\u015fisel portre\u201dnin olu\u015fumu ihtimali s\u00f6z konusu. Devlet i\u00e7in verimli bir \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm bu.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00d6te yandan, gizli verilerin kaybedilme ihtimali var.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Burada Panoptikon tart\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 devreye giriyor. Jeremy Bentham\u2019dan Foucault\u2019ya uzanan panoptikon literat\u00fcr\u00fcnde, elektronik cihazlarla g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde bu durum epey olas\u0131.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Toplanan veriler vatanda\u015flar\u0131n ya\u015famlar\u0131n\u0131n d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fmesine de hizmet ediyor. Bo\u015fanma oranlar\u0131. Bu da reflexive modernization ile ilgili.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Bauman\u2019\u0131n \u201cpost-panoptican\u201d iddialar\u0131: tek bir merkezden de\u011fil, her yerden g\u00f6zetlenme. A\u011fa\u00e7lar yerine otlar metaforu. Manuel de Landa\u2019n\u0131n askeri g\u00f6zetim g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fleri bir \u201cmakine g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fc\u201d (machine vision) \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fcs\u00fcnde bulunuyor, g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc her \u015feyi kategorize eden bir program, bu anlamda \u201cpanspectron\u201d, yani \u201coptik olmayan istihbarat toplama makinesi\u201d.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u015eunu anlamak gerekli: g\u00f6zetim modern toplumlar\u0131n temel u\u011fra\u015flar\u0131ndan ve buna kar\u015f\u0131 m\u00fccadele i\u00e7in temel, tekil, basit bir siyasal programdan s\u00f6z edilemez.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Corporate surveillance<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Ulus devlet \u00fczerinden ilerleyen bu g\u00f6zetim tart\u0131\u015fmas\u0131nda sermayenin de g\u00f6zetleme sistemlerini unutmamak gerekir. Giddens da es ge\u00e7mez bu yan\u0131. <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Sermaye i\u00e7in de yat\u0131r\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131 garantiye almas\u0131n\u0131n ve operasyonel stratejiler geli\u015ftirmesinin en iyi yoludur. <\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Y\u00f6neticiler sermaye ilgilerini bu y\u00f6nde art\u0131rmak i\u00e7in inceler, analiz eder, planlar.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Taylor\u2019un i\u015fin efektifli\u011fini art\u0131rma ama\u00e7l\u0131 y\u00fcr\u00fctt\u00fc\u011f\u00fc tart\u0131\u015fmalar burada \u00f6nemli. Y\u00f6netilenler \u00fczerinde ne kadar kontrol sa\u011flanmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fi, i\u015fin \u201cbeyin tak\u0131m\u0131\u201d ve \u201ckol g\u00fcc\u00fc\u201d olarak karakterize edili\u015fi.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u015eirket kapitalizmi 20. yy ba\u015f\u0131ndan beri 3 a\u00e7\u0131dan geli\u015fti:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u015eirketler mekansal olarak geni\u015fledi (ulusal ve ulusa\u015f\u0131r\u0131)<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Konsolidasyon ger\u00e7ekle\u015fti, birka\u00e7 \u015firket monopoli kurdu<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u015eirketler toplumun derinliklerine n\u00fcfuz etmeyi ba\u015fard\u0131, herkes m\u00fc\u015fterileri.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u015eirketlerin kullan\u0131c\u0131 profillemeleri. Walmart vakas\u0131ndan online e-commerce sitelerine&#8230;<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Sosyal medya kullan\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n sat\u0131lmas\u0131\u2026 Bir servis \u00fccretsizse, \u00fcr\u00fcn sizsiniz.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><strong>\fTemas noktalar\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Bauman, K\u00fcreselle\u015fme<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Harita kullan\u0131m\u0131 (bilgi toplaman\u0131n geleneksel modaliteleri)<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Bauman\u2019da ulus devletin d\u00fc\u015f\u00fc\u015f\u00fc ve Giddens\u2019da \u00f6nemi kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rmas\u0131<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Bauman\u2019da panoptikon\u2019un d\u00fc\u015f\u00fc\u015f\u00fc, hapishane \u00f6rne\u011fi, Giddens\u2019daki iki y\u00f6nl\u00fc g\u00f6zetim tart\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Zaman\/mekan ili\u015fkileri (Bauman, Giddens, Harvey)<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Genel olarak yorumlar\u0131n ve tespitlerin Bat\u0131-merkezli, hatta geli\u015fmi\u015f kentler \u00fczerinden olu\u015fu<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Ulrich Beck, Risk Toplumu<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Otomasyon ile yok olacak i\u015fler \u00fczerine y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclen tart\u0131\u015fmalar<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Zizek, Tamagotchi<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Burada ne diyece\u011fim emin de\u011filim, g\u00fczel bir anektod olarak Zizek &amp; Sanal Bebek<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u201cBu kadar bilgi topluyorlar, bana daha iyi \u00f6nerilerle gelsinler art\u0131k, bilmeleri laz\u0131m neyi nas\u0131l sevdi\u011fimi, istedi\u011fimi&#8230;\u201d<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Giddens\u2019\u0131n g\u00f6zetimi olumlayan yorumlar\u0131na dair IT-nerd \u00f6rne\u011fi<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Algorithms to Live By &#8211; Brian Christian, Tom Griffiths<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li>D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcmselli\u011fin g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde ula\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 u\u00e7 noktalardan, ya\u015fam\u0131 algoritmalarla ya\u015famak<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Weapons of Math Destruction &#8211; Cathy O\u2019Neill<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">G\u00f6zetimin g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde nas\u0131l otomasyona ba\u011fland\u0131\u011f\u0131, g\u00fcnl\u00fck ya\u015famdan bir vaka<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Adam Curtis, Hypernormalisation (documentary)<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Belgeselci Curtis\u2019in toplumu nas\u0131l okudu\u011fu, Webster\u2019\u0131n farkl\u0131 okumalar\u0131 birlikte de\u011ferlendiri\u015fi, topyekun bir analizin imkan\u0131, post post post kavramlar yaratma \u00fczerine<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">I\u015e\u0130D &amp; Las Vegas Sald\u0131r\u0131s\u0131: risk, teknolojinin getirdi\u011fi zarar ihtimali<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">G\u00fcncel bir vaka analizi, g\u00fcndelik risk, teknoloji ve medya g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ile ili\u015fkisi<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Beck, Giddens, Bauman: \u00fcst seviye soyutlamalar, empirik veri \u00fczerine kurulmay\u0131\u015f, kolay yanl\u0131\u015flanabilirlik<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u0130nsanlara, topluma dair toplanan bilginin amans\u0131z art\u0131\u015f\u0131 v<\/span>s. g<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">elece\u011fin mutlak kestirilemezli\u011fi paradoksu (Bauman, Guardian)<\/span><\/p>\n<div class=\"jetpack-video-wrapper\"><span class=\"embed-youtube\" style=\"text-align:center; display: block;\"><iframe loading=\"lazy\" class=\"youtube-player\" width=\"660\" height=\"372\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/73Nmv-4jvSc?version=3&#038;rel=1&#038;showsearch=0&#038;showinfo=1&#038;iv_load_policy=1&#038;fs=1&#038;hl=en-US&#038;autohide=2&#038;wmode=transparent\" allowfullscreen=\"true\" style=\"border:0;\" sandbox=\"allow-scripts allow-same-origin allow-popups allow-presentation allow-popups-to-escape-sandbox\"><\/iframe><\/span><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Webster, F. (2014). Theories of the Information Society (4 ed.). London &amp; New York: Routledge. Webster&#8217;\u0131n kitab\u0131n\u0131n 11. B\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc olan &#8220;Enformasyon, d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcmsellik ve g\u00f6zetim: Anthony Giddens&#8221; (Information, reflexivity and surveillance: Anthony Giddens) i\u00e7in sunum notlar\u0131. Giddens (1938 &#8211; ) Kariyerini sosyal teori ve modernitenin (17. Y\u00fczy\u0131ldan bug\u00fcne) geli\u015fimine adam\u0131\u015f bir sosyolog. Sistem i\u00e7i bir d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce &hellip; <a href=\"https:\/\/yalpertem.com\/blog\/2017\/10\/05\/webster-giddens-enformasyon-dusunumsellik-gozetim\/\" class=\"more-link\">Continue reading <span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Webster &#038; Giddens: Enformasyon, D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcmsellik &#038; G\u00f6zetim<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[105,20],"tags":[106,108,107,111,109,110],"class_list":["post-327","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-ders-notlari","category-sosyoloji","tag-anthony-giddens","tag-dusunumsel-modernlesme","tag-frank-webster","tag-gozetim","tag-reflexive-modernity","tag-ulus-devlet"],"aioseo_notices":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_shortlink":"https:\/\/wp.me\/p9WYIs-5h","jetpack-related-posts":[{"id":3225,"url":"https:\/\/yalpertem.com\/blog\/2020\/03\/10\/bifo-panik-sehri\/","url_meta":{"origin":327,"position":0},"title":"Bifo, Panik \u015eehri","author":"yalpertem","date":"10 March 2020","format":false,"excerpt":"Bifo'nun ba\u015ftaki \"panik\" vurgusu asl\u0131nda o kadar da \u00f6zg\u00fcn ve yeni de\u011fil. 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Esopos'un dili gibi Internet de, olabilece\u011fin hem en iyisi hem de en k\u00f6t\u00fcs\u00fcd\u00fcr. Bir yandan s\u0131n\u0131rs\u0131z bir ileti\u015fimin ilerle\u00admesidir. Di\u011fer\u2026","rel":"","context":"In &quot;al\u0131nt\u0131&quot;","block_context":{"text":"al\u0131nt\u0131","link":"https:\/\/yalpertem.com\/blog\/category\/alinti\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/yalpertem.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/11\/paul-virilio-enformasyon-bombas%C4%B1-201x300.jpg?resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200},"classes":[]},{"id":1738,"url":"https:\/\/yalpertem.com\/blog\/2018\/06\/20\/lyotard-bilgisayarlastirilmis-toplumlarda-bilgi\/","url_meta":{"origin":327,"position":2},"title":"Lyotard, Bilgisayarla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f Toplumlarda Bilgi","author":"yalpertem","date":"20 June 2018","format":false,"excerpt":"Lyotard'\u0131n me\u015fhur Postmodern Durum raporunun ilk, giri\u015f par\u00e7as\u0131. 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